મારા લગ્ન થઈ ચૂક્યા છે... – શહીદ ભગતસિંહ જન્મજયંતિ વિશેષ

મારા લગ્ન થઈ ચૂક્યા છે અને મારી દુલ્હનનું નામ છે... આઝાદી

– શહીદ ભગતસિંહ

શહીદ ભગતસિંહ જન્મજયંતિ - 27/09/1907

આ શબ્દો છે શહીદ ભગતસિંહના જેમણે પોતાના પ્રેમને એટલો અસીમ બનાવ્યો કે દુનિયાના ભલા માટે મરી ફીટવાની ભાવના જાગૃત કરી ગયા.

તેજાબી વ્યક્તિત્વ, ધારદાર સત્યથી ભરપૂર ભાષા, બાજ જેવી ચપળતા અને સાથે જ ચહેરા પર બાળક સમાન શાંતિ અને સત્યનાં આધારે જીવાયેલા જીવનથી વિકસિત થયેલું તેજ.

કરુણતા જુઓ કે, પોતાના જ દેશ માટે લડનાર ભગતસિંહને ફાંસી ની સજા આપનાર જલ્લાદ, ભારતીય.

એમના વિરુદ્ધ કેસ લડતાં વકીલ, ભારતીય.

એમને પકડાવનાર પોલીસ, ભારતીય.

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છતાં ભગવાન બચાવવા આવશે એવી રાહ જોઈને બેસેલા ભારતીયો એમને સમજી ન શક્યાં કે આ વ્યક્તિ આપણને જ આઝાદી અપાવવા માટે લડે છે.

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છસ્સોથી વધુ પુસ્તકો એટલી નાની ઉંમરમાં વાંચનાર ભગતસિંહ, જ્યારે ભગવદ્ગીતા જેવું ઉત્તમ ઉપનિષદ આખેઆખું પચાવી જાય અને પછી એમનું આઝાદી અપાવવા જેવડા મોટા લક્ષ્ય માટે જે આત્મબળ વધે... એની કોઈ હદ ન જ હોય...!!!

તેઓ એમનાં ફાંસીના સમય સુધી લેનિનને વાંચતા હતા. જલ્લાદને એમણે કહેલું કે હું કંઈક નવું શીખીને મરવા માંગુ છું. નાનામાં નાનો પ્રસંગ તેમણે એમની ડાયરીમાં ટપકાવી લીધો છે. બધું જ લખીને, સતત વર્તમાનમાં રહીને, અભિવ્યક્ત થઈને જીવેલા શહીદ ભગતસિંહને શબ્દાંજલિ આપવા મારા શબ્દો હંમેશાં ટૂંકા જ પડશે.

પણ

આજે એમને યાદ કરીને આપણે બસ એટલું જ વિચારવાનું છે કે આપણે આજે કઈ કઈ રીતે ગુલામ છીએ. કયા બંધનો આપણને આગળ વધતા રોકે છે, કઈ તાકાતો આપણને આજે પણ ગુલામ બનાવવા તત્પર છે. અને કઈ બાબત છે એ જેનો આપણે હિસાબ લગાવવાનું ભૂલ્યાં છીએ.

આજે કયો માણસ તેના સ્ક્રીનમાં શું જુએ છે, વાંચે છે, મનમાં ભરે છે એ કળવું જ મુશ્કેલ થઈ ગયું છે. એટલે ઝડપથી એ સમજાતું નથી કે પોતે જે કંઈ જુએ છે, સાંભળે છે એનાથી કઈંક ભલું થવાનું છે કે કેમ. વિદેશી સત્તાઓ, સમાચાર માધ્યમો, નિમ્ન કક્ષાની કોઈ મેસેજ વિનાની ફિલ્મો, રાજકીય કાવાદાવા, સાસુ વહુના ઝઘડાઓ, રીલેશનશીપ, બ્રેકઅપ વગેરે સાવ છેલ્લી ક્વોલિટીનું કન્ટેન્ટ પીરસીને અફીણના નશામાં રાખે છે અને ઉપરના લેવલે બેઠેલા લોકો શું ગેમ રમી રહ્યા છે એ વાત આપણને ખબર જ પડતી નથી.

(જો કે એ જાણવા માટેની પણ સરસ ટ્રિક છે, કે જે વસ્તુઓ રોજિંદી ચર્ચામાં ઉતરે, બે પાંચ માણસો વચ્ચે ઉલ્લેખ થાય એ બધું એમના જોવા જાણવામાં આવે છે એમ માનવાનું...)

વસ્તીવધારો, બેરોજગારી, આર્થિક અસમાનતા, મોંઘવારી, નાગરિક અધિકારનું હનન, સામંતવાદી વિચારો સાથે આગળ વધતી યુવા પેઢી, ટૂંકી માનસિકતા, પ્રમાદી જીવનશૈલી, નશાખોરી વગેરેએ આપણાં આંખ અને કાન બંને બંધ કરી દીધા છે જેથી આવનારી વિપત્તિઓ વિશે આપણને સહેજ પણ અંદાજ નથી.

કુદરત એ બધાનાં શક્ય એટલા પરચા આપી રહી છે. સુનામી, વાવાઝોડું, દાવાનળ, ભૂકંપ, ભૂસ્ખલન, હિમ પ્રપાત, હિટવેવ વગેરે એ બાબતોનો પુરાવો છે.

આટલી મોટી સમસ્યાઓ સામે આપણને આપણી હસ્તી બહુ નાની લાગે એ સ્વભાવિક છે, પણ કોઈપણ સમસ્યા આપણાં આત્મબળ કરતા મોટી ન હોઈ શકે એમ સમજીને...

૧. શક્ય એટલા શુભ પગલાં લઈને આપણી આસપાસ પ્રકાશમય માહોલ બનાવવાનો પ્રયાસ કરીએ.

૨. શરીર મનને સ્વસ્થ અને શાંત રાખીને આપણી ઊર્જા શક્ય એટલાં સારા કામ માટે વાપરીએ.

૩. વોટસએપ યુનિવર્સિટી અને ફેસબુક કૉલેજનાં વિદ્યાર્થી ન બનીને લોકોમાં ફેલાતી અંધશ્રદ્ધા અને આડંબર અટકાવીએ...

૪. સમાજમાં જાગૃતિ લાવવા માટેના ઉપાયો કરીએ.

૫. વૈજ્ઞાનિક ઢબે જીવન જીવીએ, નવા પુસ્તકો, નવા વિચારો વાંચતા રહીએ, નોંધ કરતા રહીએ...

એવા તો ઘણાં કર્મો છે જે આપણને શિવ શબ્દ નો સાચો અર્થ સમજાવવા માટે હાજર જ હોય છે.

પણ આજે આટલે થી વિરમું છું. ભગતસિંહના ખાસ મિત્રો રાજગુરુ અને સુખદેવ વિશેની રસપ્રદ વાતો લઈને શબ્દોની પાર્ટીમાં મળીશું ફરી ક્યારેક.

આત્મદીપ ભવઃ

– રોહિત વ્યાસ.

સ્વભાવ, ટેવ, વૃત્તિઓ - એક નાનકડી ચર્ચા

માણસ પોતાનો સ્વભાવ ના બદલી શકે, પણ ટેવ તો બદલી જ શકે!!

સ્વભાવ અને ટેવ એક જ કે સ્વભાવ પરથી ટેવ પડે? કે પછી ટેવ પરથી સ્વભાવ બને? કોઈ આ બાબત પર પ્રકાશ પાડી શકશો??

ઉત્તર: આપે સુંદર પ્રશ્નકર્યો.

આના જવાબમાં હું સ્વભાવ, વૃત્તિ, ટેવ, મનોબળ, યોગ જેવા શબ્દો અને સંદર્ભોનો ઉપયોગ કરીશ.

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ટેવ અને સ્વભાવ બંને એક રીતે માનસિક, શારીરિક વૃત્તિઓ જ છે, જે આજીવન આપણી સાથે રહે છે અને સતત બદલાતી રહે છે.

આપણે એક સરસ વાક્ય બોલીએ છીએ કે, પ્રાણ અને પ્રકૃતિ સાથે જ જાય.

બિલકુલ સાચી વાત છે.

પણ

આ સાથે એક જજમેન્ટ બાંધીએ છીએ કે ફલાણા વ્યક્તિ એવા જ રહેવાના, અને કોઈ બદલાવ આવવાનો નથી...

પણ...

પ્રકૃતિ જે રીતે પોતાનું રૂપ દરેક ઋતુઓમાં અલગ દેખાડે છે એમ માણસ પણ પ્રકૃતિમાંથી જન્મેલો જીવ છે અને તેનું જ પ્રતિબિંબ આખા જીવનમાં પડતું હોય છે. અને માણસ તેના જીવન દરમ્યાન ઘણી બધી વખત બદલાઈ શકે છે, તે બાબત આપણે ભૂલી જઈએ છીએ.

આજે હું જે વિચારું છું એ મુજબનું જ મારું જીવન અને ટેવો હશે, પણ શક્ય છે કે દસ વર્ષ પછી હું મારા વિચારોમાં પ્રયત્ન પૂર્વક પરિવર્તનો લાવું તો મારી ટેવો બદલાઈ પણ જાય.

ટેવ અને સ્વભાવને મનોબળ સાથે સીધો જ સંબંધ છે. આપણે જાગૃત અવસ્થામાં જે કંઈપણ કરીએ અને બોલીએ એ ધીરે ધીરે ટેવ બની જાય છે અને એમાં પરિવર્તન લાવવું શક્ય છે.

નીચે આપેલા શક્યતા સૂચક વિધાનો જોઈ લઈએ.

• વ્યસન ન કરવાની હઠ મને નવા સકારાત્મક આયામો તરફ લઈ જઈ શકે છે.

• દરરોજ દસ થી વીસ પાનાં વાંચવાથી મને ઘણું નવું જાણવા મળી શકે છે. અને શક્ય છે કે મને પુસ્તક વાંચવાની ટેવ પડી જાય.

• ખરાબ મિત્રો ન બનાવવાની જીદ મને એક જુદો સામાજિક દરજ્જો અપાવી શકે છે.

• દરરોજ રોજનીશી લખવાની ટેવ મારા અક્ષરો સુધારી શકે, મને સર્જનાત્મકતા આપી શકે.

• નિમ્ન કક્ષાનું ગુજરાતી વ્યવહારમાં ન બોલીને હું મારી ભાષામાં સ્પષ્ટતા લાવવાનો શ્રમ કરું તો ઘણી પ્રગતિ કરી શકું.

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આ બધા ટેવો બદલાવવા માટેનાં અને મનને નવી દિશા તરફ દોરી જનારા વિચારો છે. આ પેટર્નમાં વિચારવાથી શરૂઆતમાં થોડી ઘણી તકલીફ થઈ શકે છે. કારણ કે મોટા ભાગે દરેક માણસને પોતાનું જીવન જેમ ચાલે છે એમ યોગ્ય જ લાગતું હોય છે અને ભવિષ્યના ફાયદાથી અજાણ હોવાથી આપણે આજે પરિવર્તન લાવી શકતાં નથી.

મન અથવા અહંકાર એવું હંમેશા બોલશે કે,

શું જરૂર છે આ બધું બદલવાની?

તો ચાલો હવે એ સમજીએ કે સમયાંતરે પરિવર્તન લાવવા શા માટે જરૂરી છે.

કુદરતના દરેક તત્વો સતત પ્રગતિશીલ અને પરિવર્તનશીલ છે. જેમ આપણી શ્વાસનળી દર સેકન્ડે નવો શ્વાસ લે છે, શિરા અને ધમની સતત નવું જૂનું લોહી બદલાવ્યા કરે છે, દરેક કોશિકાઓ નષ્ટ થાય છે અને તરત જ નવી જન્મે છે એ જ રીતે દરરોજ નવા અનુભવો નવા સંદર્ભો નવા વિચારો આપણને પરિવર્તિત કરતા જ રહે છે.

શરીરનું મૃત્યુ પણ ત્યારે જ થાય છે જ્યારે તમામ નાની મોટી, સારી ખરાબ બધી જ વૃત્તિઓ શાંત પડી જાય. વૃદ્ધ માણસ જ્યારે મરણ પથારીએ હોય ત્યારે તેની દમિત થયેલી વૃત્તિઓ જ એક સાથે બહાર આવતી હોય છે. અને તેને આપણે સન્નીપાત કહીએ છીએ, રગો તૂટે છે એમ કહીએ છીએ. પછી એ હસે, રડે, ગાળો ભાંડે, ગુસ્સો કરે, કણસે, લવારી કરે...

કંઈ પણ થાય, એ બધું જ જીવન દરમ્યાનના દબાયેલા, અભિવ્યક્ત ન થયેલા સંસ્કારો અને વૃત્તિઓ જ હોય છે.

તે બહુ દયનીય સ્થિતિ હોય છે.

ખેર,

માણસ પોતાનો સ્વભાવ અને ટેવ બંને બદલી શકે છે. પણ એ માટે સઘન અને સક્રિય પ્રયાસો કરવા પડે છે. માત્ર મનથી વિચારવા માત્રથી બદલાવ નથી આવતો.  એ માટે ભારતમાં લાંબી અને સખત કેદની સજા ભોગવી રહેલા લોકોને શિક્ષિત કરવાની અને તેમને સામાજિક જીવનમાં પાછા માનભેર રહી શકે તે માટે સુધાર ગૃહો ચાલે છે. કિરણ બેદીએ આ ક્ષેત્રમાં સારું કામ કરેલ છે.

ગૌતમ બુદ્ધ આ બાબતે ઉત્તમ ઉદાહરણ છે. તેમણે માત્ર એટલો સંદેશ આપ્યો કે મન મગજ, શરીર કઈ રીતે શું વૃત્તિઓ ધરાવે છે એ બાબત માત્ર સાક્ષી ભાવે જુઓ. (Be watchful). અને એમ વિપશ્યના ધ્યાન વિકસ્યું. આ રીતે જોવા અને અવલોકન કરવા માત્રથી ઘણી ટેવો બદલાઈ જાય છે અને ઘણું સારું પરિવર્તન પણ આવે છે.

હવે મિત્રો તમને જો અહીં યોગસૂત્ર યાદ આવે તો તમને વૃત્તિઓ વિશે પ્રશ્ન થશે કે,

ચિત્ત વૃત્તિઓનો નિરોધ એટલે યોગ.

તો આમાં વૃત્તિઓને ત્યાગવી ન પડે?

ના, બિલકુલ નહિ. વૃત્તિઓને ત્યાગવાની નથી પણ તેનો નિરોધ કરવાનો છે, એટલે કે તેને પોસ્ટપોન કરવાની છે, પાછી ઠેલાવવાની છે. આ રીતે પાછી ઠેલવવાની ક્રિયાથી નબળી અને મલિનતા વાળી વૃત્તિઓનો મૂળમાંથી જ નાશ થઈ જાય છે. અને યોગ સિદ્ધ માણસ આજીવન સાત્વિક વૃત્તિઓ સાથે જીવીને સહજ રીતે શરીર છોડી શકે છે. (જેને આપણે મુક્તિ કહીએ છીએ.)

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આભાર સાહેબ. આપે ટેવ અંગે ખૂબ સારી સમજણ આપી. પરંતુ સ્વભાવ બાબતે સ્પષ્ટતા કરી શકશો તો જાણવા મળશે. દાખલા તરીકે કોઈ માણસનો સ્વભાવ જ લોભી છે. તો તેમાં કેમ બદલવા આવી શકે? 

બુધ્ધ, મહાવીર, સોક્રેટીસ પ્લેટો આવા તત્વચિંતકો આવું કરી શકે પણ સામાન્ય માણસનું શું?

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ઉત્તર: એના માટે નિયમિતતા જરૂરી છે. Consistency.

ખટ્કર્મ આજના જમાનામાં ખુબ વધી ગયાં છે અને સારા વિચારો આપણને હવે બિનઉપયોગી લાગે છે. આ એક વજન કાંટા જેવું છે ડાબું અને જમણું પલ્લું બંને સરખા થાય ત્યારે સામંજસ્ય બની શકે છે. એટલે દુરાચાર, અજ્ઞાન, ખટકર્મની સામે સત્કર્મ પણ નિયમિતપણે વધારવા પડે.

ઉદાહરણ તરીકે,

લોભી હોય એ દરરોજ ભંડારામાં જઈને સેવા આપી શકે.

સીધું સામાન વગેરે આપીને દાન કરીને તેની એ લોભી વૃત્તિ શાંત પાડી શકે.

પણ  સંકલ્પશક્તિ હોય ત્યારે જ આ શક્ય બને છે.

એનું ઉત્તમ ઉદાહરણ છે ભીષ્મ પિતામહ.

તેઓ અતિશય આત્મવિશ્વાસ સાથે હુંકાર ભરીને ખૂબ જોરથી બોલેલા કે હું ગંગાપુત્ર ભીષ્મ એ પ્રતિજ્ઞા કરું છું કે હું આજીવન બ્રહ્મચર્ય નું પાલન કરીશ અને લગ્ન નહિ કરું.

બોલેલા શબ્દો, કોઈને કહેલી સારી વાત ક્યારેય વિફળ નથી જતી.

બોલે માણસ બંધાય એ આનું નામ.

ખરેખર સ્વભાવ સુધારવા પ્રયત્ન કરનાર વ્યક્તિ છડેચોક ફેસબુક પર એલાન કરી શકે કે આજથી હું આટલી નકારાત્મક બાબતોનો ત્યાગ કરું છું.

બ્રાહ્મણો આપણને વિવિધ સંકલ્પો કરાવે છે તેમાં અહમ કરિષ્યે એવું બોલાવે છે, એની પાછળનું પણ આ જ કારણ છે.

ટુંકમાં...

વૃત્તિઓ અને ટેવ નજીકના શબ્દો છે.

ટેવોનું ઝૂમખું ભેગું થઈને વર્તનમાં દેખાય એટલે સ્વભાવ બની જાય.

ઘણી વૃત્તિઓ જન્મ સાથે જ આવે છે પણ એ મોટા ભાગે શારીરિક હોય છે.

કસમયે ભૂખ લાગવી, ઝાડો પેશાબ થઈ જવો, વગેરે.

જ્યારે ગુણોનો વિકાસ

પ્રયત્ન પૂર્વક કરવો પડે છે.

- રોહિત વ્યાસ (ભાવનગર)

અહીં નરસિંહ મહેતાને યાદ કરીને વાતચીતને સાહિત્ય કૃતિ વડે વિરામ આપીએ.

રાત રે જાહ રે, પાછલી ખટ ઘડી,

સાધુ પુરુષને સૂઈ ન રહેવું;

નિદ્રાને પરહરી, સમરવા શ્રી હરી,

એક તું એક તું એમ કહેવું. ... .... .... ....  ટેક.

જોગિયા હોય તેણે જોગ સંભાળવા,

ભોગિયા હોય તેણે ભોગ તજવા;

વેદિયા હોય તેણે વેદ વિચારવા,

વૈષ્ણવ હોય તેણે કૃષ્ણ ભજવા. .... .... .... ટેક.

સુકવિ હોય તેણે સદગ્રંથ બાંધવા,

દાતાર હોય તેણે દાન કરવું;

પતિવ્રતા નારિયે કંથને પૂછવું,

કંથ કહે તે તો ચિત્ત ધરવું. .... .... .... ટેક.

આપણે આપણા ધર્મ સંભાળવા,

કર્મનો મર્મ લેવો વિચારી;

નરસૈંના સ્વામિને સ્નેહથી સમરતાં,

ફરી નવ અવતરે નર ને નારી. .... .... .... ટેક.

– નરસિંહ મહેતા

Book Overview - "Rustle of Language" by Roland Barthes

"Rustle of Language" ("Le bruissement de la langue" in French) is a collection of essays by Roland Barthes, a prominent French literary theorist and philosopher. Originally published in 1984, the book delves into various aspects of language, literature, and semiotics, reflecting Barthes' deep engagement with the structures and meanings embedded within texts and discourse.

Here's an overview of the essays included in "Rustle of Language":

1. The Grain of the Voice (Le grain de la voix):

   • In this essay, Barthes explores the significance of the 'grain' or texture of a voice in music and literature. He examines how the unique qualities of a voice, beyond its linguistic content, convey affective and expressive dimensions.

2. The Light of the Sud (La lumière du Sud):

   • Barthes reflects on the impact of geography and climate on language and culture. He contrasts the cultural textures and linguistic tones of the Mediterranean South with those of the colder, more rational North.

3. To Write: An Intransitive Verb? (Écrire: un verbe intransitif?):

   • Here, Barthes considers writing as an activity that does not necessarily have a fixed goal or object. He questions whether writing can exist purely as an act in itself, detached from conventional purposes or outcomes.

4. Inaugural Lecture at the Collège de France:

   • This essay represents Barthes' inaugural lecture upon his induction into the Collège de France, where he discusses the role of the critic in understanding literature and language.

5. Theory of the Text:

   • Barthes elaborates on his theory of the text, distinguishing it from the concept of 'work'. He argues that a text is not a stable entity but a field of multiple meanings and interpretations shaped by both the author and the reader.

6. Work to Text:

   • Building upon his theory of the text, Barthes explores how traditional 'works' of literature transform into 'texts' through various discursive practices and readerly engagements.

7. The Rustle of Language (Le bruissement de la langue):

   • The titular essay investigates language's nuanced, ephemeral qualities as it operates in literary texts and everyday speech. Barthes emphasizes the subtle, often unnoticed sounds and rhythms that contribute to the richness of language.

8. From Science to Literature:

   • Here, Barthes examines the relationship between scientific discourse and literary language, exploring how each constructs and conveys knowledge and meaning.

Each essay in "Rustle of Language" contributes to Barthes' overarching exploration of language as a dynamic, multifaceted system that shapes and is shaped by culture, history, and individual expression. His approach blends literary analysis with philosophical inquiry, inviting readers to reconsider how language operates beyond its surface meanings.

N.B. This blog is written with the assistance of ChatGPT 4o.

UNFCBD 1992

The UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), signed in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit, is a landmark international agreement aimed at conserving biological diversity, promoting sustainable use of its components, and ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

Key objectives of the UNCBD include:

1. Conservation of biodiversity – Protecting ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity.

2. Sustainable use of biodiversity – Ensuring that natural resources are used in ways that do not lead to long-term decline.

3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits – Ensuring that benefits from the use of genetic resources (e.g., biotechnological advancements) are shared fairly, particularly with countries and communities where those resources originate.

The CBD has been influential in setting global frameworks for biodiversity conservation, such as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the more recent Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. It is one of the key environmental treaties emerging from the Rio Summit, alongside the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Earth Summit 1992

The Earth Summit 1992, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from June 3 to June 14, 1992. It was a pivotal global conference aimed at addressing pressing environmental issues and fostering sustainable development worldwide.

Key outcomes of the Earth Summit included:

1. Agenda 21: A comprehensive action plan that outlined global, national, and local strategies for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century. It covered social, economic, and environmental aspects.

2. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: A set of 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable development around the world, emphasizing the need for environmental protection while encouraging economic growth.

3. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): An international treaty with goals to conserve biodiversity, ensure sustainable use of its components, and promote the fair sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

4. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): The foundation for global efforts to tackle climate change. It led to future climate agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.

5. Forest Principles: A non-legally binding statement encouraging the sustainable management and conservation of the world's forests.

The Earth Summit marked the first time that issues of global sustainability were discussed at such a high level, bringing together over 170 governments and thousands of NGOs, experts, and activists. It is seen as a landmark event in environmental diplomacy.

Basel Convention 1989

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal was adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1992. It is an international treaty designed to reduce the movement of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent the transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). The convention also obligates its parties to ensure the environmentally sound management (ESM) of hazardous waste to protect human health and the environment.

Key Objectives of the Basel Convention:

1. Reduce hazardous waste generation: Encourage nations to minimize the production of hazardous waste as much as possible.

2. Environmentally sound management: Ensure that hazardous wastes are managed in an environmentally responsible manner.

3. Regulate transboundary movements: Allow hazardous waste transfers across borders only when the receiving state consents and the waste can be managed safely.

4. Prohibit shipments to countries lacking capacity: Restrict movements of hazardous waste to countries that do not have the capacity to handle it safely.

5. Promote global cooperation: Encourage international collaboration to address hazardous waste issues and promote safe practices.

Key Provisions:

Prior Informed Consent (PIC): Exporting hazardous waste requires prior notification and consent from the receiving country.

Illegal Traffic: The convention defines illegal movement of hazardous waste as a criminal activity.

Technical Guidelines: It provides guidelines to help countries manage hazardous waste and prevent environmental harm.

The Basel Convention has been significant in addressing concerns over hazardous waste management, particularly in the context of the "global waste trade," where industrialized nations sometimes export harmful waste to less regulated, poorer regions.

Helsinki Declaration 1989

The Helsinki Declaration of 1989 refers to an update of the Declaration of Helsinki, a set of ethical principles regarding medical research involving human subjects. Originally adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) in 1964, the Declaration has undergone several revisions to respond to emerging ethical concerns in biomedical research.

Key Points of the 1989 Revision:

1. Emphasis on Vulnerable Populations: The 1989 update strengthened the protection of vulnerable groups in medical research, such as children, pregnant women, and individuals who are economically disadvantaged.

2. Informed Consent: The revision reinforced the necessity for obtaining informed consent from research participants. It highlighted that participants must fully understand the nature, purpose, risks, and benefits of the research.

3. Independent Review: The declaration insisted on the importance of independent ethical review of research protocols by committees not involved in the research.

4. Scientifically Valid Research: It maintained that research involving human subjects should be scientifically valid and should aim to improve health or provide insight into medical treatment.

5. Risk-Benefit Assessment: Researchers were required to evaluate the potential risks and benefits to participants, ensuring that the benefits justify any risks involved.

This update, like other revisions of the Declaration of Helsinki, aimed to adapt ethical guidelines to the changing landscape of medical research, with a strong focus on safeguarding human rights and dignity.

World Charter for Nature 1982

The World Charter for Nature was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 28th October 1982. This charter outlines the principles for conservation and sustainable use of nature. It reflects a global consensus on the need to protect the environment for present and future generations, recognizing nature's intrinsic value and the importance of biodiversity.

Key points of the World Charter for Nature include:

1. Respect for Nature: The charter calls for humanity to respect all living organisms and ecosystems.

2. Sustainable Use: It advocates for the sustainable use of natural resources to prevent depletion and ensure long-term ecological balance.

3. Conservation of Species and Habitats: It emphasizes the need to protect endangered species and ecosystems, with special care for ecosystems and organisms in danger of extinction.

4. Environmental Impact Assessments: The charter calls for thorough assessments of the potential impact of human activities on nature before these activities are undertaken.

5. Global Cooperation: It encourages international cooperation in the conservation of nature, recognizing that environmental degradation in one region can affect the entire planet.

The World Charter for Nature reflects a deep concern for the planet's environmental future and remains a foundational document for global environmental policies and conservation efforts.

Nairobi Convention 1982

The Nairobi Convention of 1982 refers to a regional agreement aimed at protecting, managing, and developing the marine and coastal environment of the Western Indian Ocean region. It is part of the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) Regional Seas Programme, which works to protect marine environments through the cooperation of bordering states.

Key Points:

1. Full Name: The Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management, and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region.

2. Adopted: 1985, not 1982 (though discussions and preparation started in the early 1980s).

3. Signatories: Coastal states along the Western Indian Ocean, including Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Seychelles, Somalia, Comoros, and Mauritius.

4. Objective: To promote the protection and sustainable development of the marine environment through regional cooperation.

5. Protocols: The convention has protocols addressing issues like pollution from land-based activities, the protection of biodiversity, and emergency responses to marine pollution.

This convention is still active, with regular meetings to review progress and address emerging environmental concerns in the region. It plays a key role in regional collaboration for marine conservation.

Atom vs Nucleus

The atom and the nucleus are two distinct components of matter, but they are related. Here's how they differ:

1. Atom:

   • An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the chemical properties of an element.
   • It consists of a nucleus at its center and an electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.
   • The atom includes protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and electrons orbiting the nucleus.
   • Atoms are electrically neutral when the number of protons (positive charge) equals the number of electrons (negative charge).

2. Nucleus:

   • The nucleus is the central, dense core of an atom.
   • It contains protons (positively charged particles) and neutrons (neutral particles).
   • The nucleus holds almost all of the atom's mass but occupies a tiny fraction of its volume.
   • The number of protons in the nucleus defines the element, while the number of neutrons can vary, leading to different isotopes.

In summary, the atom includes the nucleus and the surrounding electrons, whereas the nucleus is just the dense central part containing protons and neutrons.

Kitaab (1977): One Film, Numerous Feelings

Directed by Gulzar, Kitaab is a thoughtful exploration of childhood innocence, perception, and the complexities of adult life as seen through the eyes of a child. The film is notable for its nostalgic yet realistic portrayal of how children view the world, blurring the line between fantasy and reality.

A YouTube link for the film

Plot Summary:

Kitaab follows Babla (Master Raju Shrestha), a young boy who is sent away from home to live with his elder sister and attend school in the city. The film begins on a light note, showcasing Babla's playful and carefree nature. However, as he adjusts to life in the city, he becomes disillusioned by the adult world and its hypocrisies. He faces academic pressures, misunderstandings with his family, and the rigidity of societal norms, which eventually lead to his inner turmoil.

The title Kitaab (meaning "book") symbolizes Babla's journey of learning—both the lessons taught in school and the harsh realities of life.

Themes:

Gulzar crafts a narrative that critiques the education system and the loss of innocence as one grows older. The film shows how Babla struggles to reconcile his imaginative and free-spirited worldview with the often harsh and unforgiving adult world. The story emphasizes how children, despite their naivety, have a keen understanding of their surroundings, even if their interpretations are different from those of adults.

Noteworthy Scenes:

1. Babla's Escape into Imagination: In several sequences, Babla daydreams to escape the strictness of school life and the burdens of being "grown up." In one particularly memorable scene, he imagines the letters in his textbook coming to life, dancing around him. This whimsical portrayal of a child's mind captures the film's essence—his internal conflict between the freedom of imagination and the confines of reality.

2. The Train Ride: A significant part of the film focuses on Babla's train journey from his home to the city. This journey is symbolic of his transition from childhood innocence to a more complicated world. The train ride also represents Babla’s internal journey, where he experiences moments of realization and confusion. The cinematography of the landscape passing by highlights his distance from the world he once knew.

3. Babla's Confrontation with His Teacher: In a scene that reflects the flaws of the education system, Babla is reprimanded by his teacher for his poor handwriting and inability to conform to the structured demands of school life. This moment stands out as Babla’s first experience of how society’s institutions suppress creativity and enforce conformity. His frustration is palpable, and it echoes the emotional struggles many children face in academic settings.

4. Climactic Breakdown: Toward the film's end, Babla has a breakdown after a series of misunderstandings with his sister and brother-in-law. In one emotionally charged scene, he runs away, expressing his frustration at how he feels ignored and misunderstood by the adults around him. The combination of his innocent grievances and the overwhelming pressure he faces from the world creates a powerful moment of empathy for his character.

5. Final Sequence: In the closing moments of the film, Babla returns home, only to find that the "freedom" he longed for also has its limitations. He learns that adults are not as free as they seem—they, too, are bound by societal rules and expectations. The ending is bittersweet, leaving viewers with a sense of nostalgia for their own lost childhoods and a contemplation of how the adult world often stifles creativity and innocence.

Performances:

Master Raju Shrestha delivers a natural, engaging performance as Babla, bringing both charm and depth to the character. His portrayal of a child trying to understand the complexities of adult life is heartwarming and relatable. Vidya Sinha and Uttam Kumar, who play Babla's sister and brother-in-law, provide nuanced performances, representing the well-meaning yet flawed adult figures in his life.

Cinematography and Music:

The film’s cinematography by K. Vaikunth beautifully captures both the vibrant world of Babla's imagination and the more mundane reality of the adult world. R.D. Burman’s music complements the film’s narrative, particularly the song "Dhanno Ki Aankhon Mein," reflecting Babla’s childlike wonder and joy. The melodies enhance the film's emotional depth, elevating its poignant moments.

Conclusion:

Kitaab is a thoughtful, layered film that explores the delicate transition from childhood to adulthood. Gulzar masterfully presents the inner workings of a child's mind, portraying the beauty and struggles of navigating a world that often overlooks the innocence and intelligence of children. It’s a timeless film that resonates with anyone who has ever felt the pangs of growing up.

N.B. This blog is written with the assistance of ChatGPT 4o.

What's Happening in the Parallel Universe?

The parallel universe has become the trendy word for Gen-Z, but the generation uses different allusions to justify that there is a parallel universe 'for real.' Well, this shocks a person who knows there are many but we humans would never afford to visit any of them! And who knows, there are no such facilities for computers, the internet, and a space to write !!!

Jokes apart, sustaining life on the Earth is a worrisome thought now. Increasing population, job scarcity, starvation, and other international issues are much higher and demand our direct attention rather than sitting in a cafe and talking about trivia, who's lost the money, who got more likes, and who's richer.

Those who know the value of education, and science, would agree with the idea that our education will be helpful to the whole society only when the smartest minds are engaged in real-life problem-solving. ADHD has more concerns with the youth of the world. Unemployability is another issue. Climate scientists predict that future generations will have fewer resources of common goods. Water scarcity is a burning challenge.

Here are some of the popular journals and websites that talk straight to the point.

Springer

nature

ScienceDirect

Sage Journals

So, overall it is a wake-up call for all. But we can't wake up ourselves until and unless we possess a sharp and strong philosophy that is "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam". This would be stronger only if we see ourselves as a small atom of the universe, and not as the center of the world.

Quantum Physics: Etymology, Definition and Examples

Etymology of Quantum Physics

• Quantum: Derived from the Latin word quantus, meaning "how much" or "amount." It refers to the smallest possible discrete unit of any physical property.
• Physics: From the Greek physis, meaning "nature." It is the study of the fundamental laws governing the natural world.

Together, quantum physics literally means "the study of the smallest quantities in nature."

Definition of Quantum Physics

Quantum physics (or quantum mechanics) is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles on an atomic and subatomic scale. It describes the peculiar rules that govern the smallest units of matter and energy, such as electrons, photons, and other fundamental particles.

Unlike classical physics, which works well for large objects (like planets or cars), quantum physics operates in a realm where particles can behave in ways that seem counterintuitive, like existing in two places at once or changing their state when observed.

Key Concepts in Quantum Physics

1. Quantum: The smallest indivisible unit of a property, like energy. For example, light is made of particles called photons, which are quanta of light.

2. Wave-Particle Duality: Particles like electrons and photons exhibit both particle-like and wave-like properties depending on how we observe them.

   • Example: Light sometimes behaves like a wave (like ripples on a pond), and at other times, it behaves like a stream of particles (photons).

3. Superposition: A particle can exist in multiple states or positions at the same time until it is measured.

   • Example: An electron can be in several different locations around an atom, but when you observe it, it "chooses" a single position.

4. Entanglement: When two particles become entangled, their states are linked no matter how far apart they are. Changing the state of one instantly affects the other.

   • Example: If two electrons become entangled, altering the spin of one will instantaneously change the spin of the other, even if they are light-years apart.

5. Uncertainty Principle: Introduced by Werner Heisenberg, this principle states that certain pairs of properties (like position and momentum) cannot both be known exactly at the same time. The more precisely you know one, the less precisely you can know the other.

• Example: If you know exactly where an electron is, you can't be sure about how fast it moves, and vice versa.

Simple Examples of Quantum Physics in Action

1. Photoelectric Effect:

   • Explanation: When light shines on certain materials, it can eject electrons from the surface. Albert Einstein explained this using quantum physics, showing that light comes in discrete packets called photons.
   • Real-Life Example: Solar panels work based on the photoelectric effect. Photons from sunlight hit the surface, eject electrons, and generate electricity.

2. Schrödinger’s Cat (Thought Experiment):

   • Explanation: Schrödinger imagined a cat inside a box with a radioactive atom that could either decay or not decay, triggering the release of poison. According to quantum physics, until you open the box and check, the cat is both alive and dead (a superposition).
   • Purpose: This paradox illustrates how quantum particles exist in multiple states until observed.

3. Double-Slit Experiment:

• Explanation: When light or electrons are shot through two slits onto a screen, they create an interference pattern like waves. But when observed, they act like particles, passing through one slit or the other.
• Real-Life Example: This experiment reveals wave-particle duality and shows how observing a system can alter its behavior.

Summary of Quantum Physics Principles

1. Discreteness: Energy and matter are quantized, coming in tiny, indivisible units.
2. Wave-Particle Duality: Particles can behave like waves, and waves can behave like particles.
3. Superposition: Particles exist in all possible states until they are measured.
4. Entanglement: Two linked particles can instantly influence each other across any distance.
5. Uncertainty: There's a fundamental limit to how precisely we can know certain properties of particles at the same time.

Quantum physics challenges our classical understanding of reality but forms the foundation for much of modern technology, like semiconductors, lasers, and quantum computers.

This Blog is Created with the assistance of ChatGPT.

Research Methodology: Useful ICT Tools for Better Research

In the vast field of research, a scholar needs several tools for almost every task such as finding better research articles, a thesis, books, and journals and then managing references, publishing, etc.

Here's the list of ICT tools used for research.

Search engines:

Google, Yahoo, Firefox, and other search engines are helpful to find relevant content.

 

Research paper and thesis search tools:

Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, Science Scope, ResearchGate, Biohunter, SSRN, DeepDyve, Wiki Journal Club, eShodhSindhu, and Shodhganga are some tools that help explore research papers and theses.

 

Reference management software:

EndNote, Zotero, Mendeley, Paperpile, and RefWroks are the tools for creating and managing bibliographies and citations. 

 

Data visualization software:

Tableau

Thesis Writing, Drafting, and Typesetting:

LaTex Overleaf

 

Plagiarism detection software:

Turnitin and Grammarly are the tools that help researchers check for plagiarism in student papers.

 

Online survey tools:

SurveyMoneky, Mentimeter, Mopinion, Feedier, HubSpot, and Google Forms

 

Statistical analysis software:

SPSS, Minitab, MATLAB, and Origin are helpful to researchers for data analysis.

 

Collaboration platforms:

Google Sheets and Docs help researchers collaborate.

 

Cloud storage solutions:

Dropbox, Google Drive, and iCloud are cloud-based storage services.

 

Simulation software:

MATLAB and Simulink are some simulation software tools.

But Where is The Problem?

We keep consoling ourselves that we need not worry about the heavyweight issues that can't be relatively solved with two hands and a simple mind that we call the mediocre one. How can we as a human being forget that one is not bound to live by only "family-friends-relatives-jobs-married" entitlement?

Media keep showing us what is more in trend. But we fail and forget what is "important" to us. The necessary goods, grains, and fruits are costly and the enjoyable street food is the cheapest. Libraries are ignored, and ideas are the least regarded. People love only to see what's "likable".

Where truth is the prime need of today's time. The reason, facts, and truthful literature are important.

In the 21st century, people do not need the opium of glamour and trivia, they need lovable goals, jobs that can't be ignored, reality that touches the hearts of millions, thoughts worth implementing quickly, and wisdom that leads to the ultimate salvation.

But where is the problem?

The problem is with shallow thoughts, biases, and a willing withdrawal from Karma. Abstaining from thinking will lead the future generation into darkness. Our laziness will not only kill the present resources but also will deprive us of a bright future.

The real power is within us, it is just in the arm's reach. Our tools are sharp enough to spread the word within no time. We can always call for ourselves when there is no one around to help us. Retaining energy, truthfulness, and being in constant touch with the basics are the requisites for such changes.

With great power comes great responsibilities.

Without resposibility, there is no freedom.

Existential Wisdom

Hii everyone, here are some of the questions related to human existence that makes people curious and sometimes bothers almost every human being. I've tried to answer them on the basic existential philosophy propounded by the renowned existential philosopher Jean Paul Sartre.

1. If essence precedes existence, are we doing the tasks which is decided for us?

Ans: Essence of existence becomes clear only when decisions are made without being subjective. We can think whether the choices we've made are the results of past conditioning and experiences or the most original and newer. The essence is directly connected to the most essential work. But generally people fail to apply for what is the most essential work to be done.

What is the most essential thing ever to be worked out?

The fight for the human existence originates from the discomfort and calamities around the world. The individual thinks the world as a prison chamber and finds itself trapped in it. Freedom is what the existence asks for.

2. If existence precedes essence, then is it necessary to find essence?

Ans: It is necessary to find essence because human progress is firstly compared with animal kingdom. Animals, without our knowledge also prove their existence because they satisfy only their animalistic needs.

On the other hand, humans have more responsibility because they strive for freedom; the ultimate desire of all. The essence of the human existence is related to seek out what is the most essential work. All the worries and suffering of humans come from the knowledge that they're bound by something, all the times. When people strive for freedom, the existence of an individual precedes essence.

Suggested Reading.

1. Ashtavakra Gita

2. Of Human Bondage by Somerset Maugham

3. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

4. Existentialism is a Humanism by Jean Paul Sartre

5. Being and Nothingness by Jean Paul Sartre

The High Time is Now

We have self-help. We have fiction that reflects just what we actually are. We have books that contain class and luxurious hierarchies. We have hundreds of languages but very few are there who advocate what actually matters.

Wisdom is not something a guru or a master can give you as medicine. It is something worth seeking on our own. Our lifestyle must suggest seeking wisdom and truth. You hold a degree and you are looking for a job. Your degree is a fact but your inability to get your desired job is a truth. The same goes for decision-making.

How on earth do we decide what's best for us and what's not? What are our decisions made of? Experiences? Measurements? Facts? or Truth?

Well, experiences are always subjective. They can be collective but always subjective. What is true for them can't be true for you. Their life and your life are not the same, even if it seems so. The degree holder might also have decided to go for a job by seeing someone else's "success". There's no guarantee for success in the path of seeking success and truth.

Whenever our decisions are affected by the opinions of others, we fail in our path. And the truth is, we as human beings always want someone to blame. "I suffer because of him/her." "I failed because of his/her company." So on and so forth. But we must count our share and involvement in something that is wrong and damages our existence.

Our literature and media suggest living the most luxurious life. Media platforms are full of glamour and silky skin. Very few are those who produce truthful content and advocate art. It's not at all the right way to make a choice of entertainment. If you keep running away from applying your mind, it will slowly become the slave of technology and power. Amidst the humdrum of romanticized love, overpowered falsehood, and frequent show-offs of power, money, and richness, we need the content and literature that drives truth and wisdom at the same time.

If you know the truth, share it. In whatever means of expression there should be logic and truthfulness. Whether you like being online or not you have the responsibility to speak up for yourself and have the courage to stand out. You must turn off the channel that hides the real issues and highlights only what is the most "popular" and "liked". You must have the courage to mute the advertisement of the product that you don't actually need. You must report to the social media platforms and let the algorithms know that you no longer want to see the illogical, childish, shallow, and gibberish content. You must select the work that gives you more power to do something more worthy of being proud of. In this time of prevalent falsehood, we all must take stands, have stakes in truth, and expand our hearts to be more lovable, more kind more courageous, and more noble to follow the best of the best, highest of the high.

Those who never give importance to ethics and values never get to see the core of truth and they deprive themselves of being at peace with the world; the world which carries the weight of all species, all living organisms and non-living things that directly cater only to humans and are never beneficial for the rest of the earth.

Don't you think that it's the right time to cut all the rubbish and just get to the point? How many channels are there that actually broadcast the climate change programs? How many celebrities support the climate change movement? How many youth icons are actually worried about the overall health of the world? How much consumption happens in a single wedding? How much education is there to support the sustainability of nature and climate?

It's time to measure, it's time to improve. It's time to sit down and think about the most practical aspects of our decisions. It's time to declutter the falsehood and it's time to live by the facts. Yes, it's high time to make amends in our life, society, and culture we live in. It's high time to say "no" to falsehood and foolishness and it's high time to be compassionate to the endangered, it's high time to set the highest goals and seek the most lovable path for humanity.

Mental Fitness Checkup Test

Here's a simple mental fitness checkup test to help you assess various aspects of your mental well-being. Answer each question honestly:

Mental Fitness Checkup Test

1. Emotional Well-Being

• How often do you feel happy and content?
  • a) Always
  • b) Often
  • c) Sometimes
  • d) Rarely
  • e) Never

2. Stress Levels

• How often do you feel overwhelmed or stressed?
  • a) Never
  • b) Rarely
  • c) Sometimes
  • d) Often
  • e) Always

3. Sleep Quality

• How would you rate your sleep quality over the past month?
  • a) Excellent
  • b) Good
  • c) Fair
  • d) Poor
  • e) Very poor

4. Physical Activity

• How often do you engage in physical activity or exercise?
  • a) Every day
  • b) A few times a week
  • c) Once a week
  • d) A few times a month
  • e) Rarely or never

5. Social Connections

• How satisfied are you with your social relationships and connections?
  • a) Very satisfied
  • b) Satisfied
  • c) Neutral
  • d) Dissatisfied
  • e) Very dissatisfied

6. Coping Mechanisms

• How well do you feel you manage and cope with life’s challenges?
  • a) Very well
  • b) Well
  • c) Neutral
  • d) Poorly
  • e) Very poorly

7. Mental Clarity and Focus

• How often do you feel mentally clear and focused?
  • a) Always
  • b) Often
  • c) Sometimes
  • d) Rarely
  • e) Never

8. Enjoyment and Interest

• How often do you find enjoyment and interest in your daily activities?
  • a) Always
  • b) Often
  • c) Sometimes
  • d) Rarely
  • e) Never

Scoring

• A: 5 points
• B: 4 points
• C: 3 points
• D: 2 points
• E: 1 point

Add up your total score to get an overall assessment of your mental fitness:

• 36-40: Excellent mental fitness
• 31-35: Good mental fitness
• 21-30: Average mental fitness
• 11-20: Below average mental fitness
• 8-10: Poor mental fitness

Reflection and Next Steps

• Excellent to Good: Keep up the good work and continue practicing habits that support your mental well-being.
• Average: Consider areas where you can improve, such as increasing physical activity or seeking more social connections.
• Below Average to Poor: It may be helpful to seek support from a mental health professional or make significant lifestyle changes to improve your mental well-being.